C programming Language History

C Language History

• C language is a structure oriented programming language, was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie
• C language features were derived from earlier language called “B” (Basic Combined Programming Language – BCPL)
• C language was invented for implementing UNIX operating system
• In 1978, Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan published the first edition  “The C Programming Language” and commonly known as K&R C
• In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive definition of C. The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or “ANSI C”, was completed late 1988.

C standards

• C89/C90 standard – First standardized specification for C language was developed by American National Standards Institute in 1989. C89 and C90 standards refer to the same programming language.
• C99 standard – Next revision was published in 1999 that introduced new futures like advanced data types and other changes.

C11 and Embedded C

• C11 standard adds new features to C and library like type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves compatibility with C++.

Embedded C includes features not available in normal C like fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing Operating systems, C compiler and all UNIX application programs are written in C language It is also called as procedure oriented programming language C language is reliable, simple and easy to use. C has been coded in assembly language Features of C language: Reliability Portability Flexibility Interactivity Modularity Efficiency and Effectiveness Uses of C language: C language is used for developing system applications that forms major portion of operating systems such as Windows, UNIX and Linux. Below are some examples of C being used. Database systems Graphics packages Word processors Spread sheets Operating system development Compilers and Assemblers Network drivers Interpreters

Which level the C language is belonging to?

S.no	High Level	Middle Level	Low Level
1	High level languages provides almost everything that the programmer might need to do as already built into the language	Middle level languages don’t provide all the built-in functions found in high level languages, but provides all building blocks that we need to produce the result we want	Low level languages provides nothing other than access to the machines basic instruction set
2	Examples: Java, Python	C, C++	Assembler

C language is a structured language

S.no	Structure oriented	Object oriented	Non structure
1	In this type of language, large programs are divided into small programs called functions	In this type of language, programs are divided into objects	There is no specific structure for programming this language
2	Prime focus is on functions and procedures that operate on data	Prime focus is on the data that is being operated and not on the functions or procedures	N/A
3	Data moves freely around the systems from one function to another	Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions	N/A
4	Program structure follows “Top Down Approach”	Program structure follows “Bottom UP Approach”	N/A
5	Examples: C, Pascal, ALGOL and Modula-2	C++, JAVA and C# (C sharp)	BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN

Key points to remember:

1. C language is structured, middle level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie
2. Operating system programs such as Windows, Unix, Linux are wriiten by C language
3. C89/C90 and C99 are two standardized editions of C language
4. C has been written in assembly language

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Operators in C programming

Frequently asked technical Operator questions of placement in  c programming language
1.What will be output of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

    float a=0.7;d 

    if(a<0.7){

         printf("C");

    }

    else{

         printf("C++");

    }
    return 0;

}

Answer:

Turbo C++ 3.0: c
Turbo C ++4.5: c
Linux GCC: c
Visual C++: c

Explanation: 0.7 is double constant (Default). Its binary value is written in 64 bit.
Binary value of 0.7 = (0.1011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 )
Now here variable a is a floating point variable while 0.7 is double constant. So variable a will contain only 32 bit value i.e.
a = 0.1011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 while
0.7 = 0.1011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011....
It is obvious a < 0.7

2.What will be output of the following program?

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

    int a=2,b=7,c=10;

    c=a==b;

    printf("%d",c);

    return 0;

}

Answer:

Output: 

Turbo C++ 3.0: 0

Turbo C ++4.5: 0

Linux GCC: 0

Visual C++: 0

Explanation:
== is relational operator which returns only two values.

0: If a == b is false

1: If a == b is true

Since

a=2

b=7

So, a == b is false hence b=0

3.What will be output of the following program?

        

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

    int i=5,j;

    j=++i+++i+++i;

    printf("%d %d",i,j);

    return 0;

}

Answer:

Output: 

Turbo C++ 3.0: 8 24

Turbo C ++4.5: Compilation error

Linux GCC: Compilation error

Visual C++: Compilation error

Explanation:

Rule :- ++ is pre increment operator so in any arithmetic expression it first increment the value of variable by one in whole expression then starts assigning the final value of variable in the expression.

Compiler will treat this expression j = ++i+++i+++i; as

i = ++i + ++i + ++i;

Initial value of i = 5 due to three pre increment operator final value of i=8.

Now final value of i i.e. 8 

So, j=8+8+8

j=24 and

i=8

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Data types in c programming

Data types in c programming
The data type of the variable are determines how many bytes of memory are dedicated to that variable, and what kind of data can be stored in the variable. As you will learn later in this chapter, there are two basic types of data: value types and reference types. If the variable is defined as a value type, then there is a very specific range of values possible.
A list of the basic value data types are in Table 3-1. 

                                                              Table 3-1.C Value Data Types

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Fresher SEO interview questions

 Search Engine Optimization interview questions

• What is SEO?
• Explain the importance of domain name?
• What tools do you use for doing seo?
• What is Google Sandbox?
• What is the difference between on page seo and off page seo?
• What are the limitations of title and description tags?
• How will you increase the Pagerank of a page?
• How will you check the number of backlinks of your competitors site?
• What do you mean by anchor text?
• How will you treat Web standards while optimizing a website?
• If the meta robots tag has a value of "no index, no follow" what does it mean? Does Google uses keyword tags?
• What is 301 redirect?
• What do you understand by Cloaking?
• What methods would you apply for decreasing the loading time of a website?
• What are the Social Media channels you have used for marketing?
• What would you suggest to the client who has a website made on Flash?  How would you do Seo for that site?
• What do you understand by Frames in HTML?
• Which is the most important area to include your keywords?
• What are webmaster tools?
• A customer can give you an access to only one tool, which one will you choose, Webmasters or Analytics?
• What is the main purpose of search engine spiders?
• What is the best way to maximize the frequency of crawling of your website by search engines?
• When do you apply for re inclusion in a search engine's index?
• What aspects of a hyperlink are important for SEO?
• What is robots.txt?
• What is Keyword Difficulty?
• Which of the options below is the best way to select the keywords to optimize for?
• Which is better Robots.txt or Meta Robots Tag?
• What is a landing page?
• If you have a site that is targeted at a particular country only, which of the following are recommendable to do in order to rank well in country specific search results?
• Why are metatags important?
• Do you know who Danny Sullivan is?
• Who is Matt Cutts?
• From seo point of view, which is better - one big site or several smaller site?
• How do you know how much to pay for a text link from another site to yours?
• Do you use separate Seo strategies for Google,Yahoo and Bing?
• Which of the following techniques is unethical and can be a reason for banning?
• Explain some seo practices?
• For which of the following file types a SEO expert needs to provide an alternative textual description?
• What is Keyword proximity?
• If you were a SEO for a technology web site, what would you do to build backlinks for it?
• Explain onsite search box, and how it helps to attract traffic?
• What are the advantages of submitting sites to search directories?
• Which of the following are criteria for the uniqueness of a page (unique as opposed to duplicate content)?
• What does the abbreviation PPC stand for?
• What is LSI?
• Will you use an ordinary html sitemap with Google?
• What is Page Rank?
• You have just launched a new web site. Unfortunately, nobody visits it, even search engines' spiders don't notice it. What can you do for its SEO success?
• Why are metatags important?
• If you own a web site and have a weekly newsletter that features the same content as the site, how can you include Google AdSense in your newsletter when you mail it to your subscribers?
• Difference between exit rate and bounce rate?
• Can search engines see password protected pages?
• For seo which is better text links or graphical links?

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Broadridge interview questions dotnet

 Broadridge interview questions on dotnet
1)In WCF which bindings support the reliable sessions?
2)What is the significance of isolation level in sql server?
3)Why isolation levels are needed in sql server?
4)How to check Multiple like conditions in one single Sql statement?
5)What are Http Status codes? breif some of them why you got?
6)What do you mean by cross page posting?
7)What is the redirect permanent in Asp.net 4.0?
8)What is application warmup module?
9)What happens when we instantiate a com component?
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